1) The world's oldest university, Al-Qarawiyyin, was founded in 859 AD and is located in Fez, Morocco.

2) The process of photosynthesis, performed by plants, algae, and some bacteria, is responsible for producing the oxygen we breathe.

3) The concept of political stability refers to the ability of a government or political system to maintain continuity, order, and effective governance over a prolonged period, promoting social cohesion and economic development.

4) The Berlin Conference in 1884-1885 divided Africa among European powers and set the stage for the colonization of the continent.